Know the approximate volume occupied by a mole of air, oxygen and most other gases under standard conditions.
Be able to explain what is meant with respect to blood gas transport by the term volume percent.
Be able to explain the difference between the concentration of a dissolved gas and its partial pressure.
Be able to describe situations in which the concentration of a dissolved gas is more important than its partial pressure.
Be able to describe situations in which the partial pressure of a dissolved gas is more important than its concentration.
Be able to explain the concept of a mass balance.
Be able to state approximate typical partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in inspired air, oxygenated blood (arterial), tissue fluid, deoxygenated (venous) blood and expired air.
Know the typical pH of human arterial and venous blood.
Be able to name the two forms in which oxygen is transported in the blood.
Be able to describe the quaternary structure of hemoglobin (Hb) molecules.
Be able to name the two types of sub-chains that make up a normal adult hemoglobin molecule.
Be able to sketch and label the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.
Be able to explain what is meant by the term sigmoidal.
Be able to explain the mechanism responsible for the sigmoidal shape of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.
Be able to describe the advantage of the sigmoidal shape of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve with respect to oxygen delivery to the tissues.
Know how much oxygen can be bound to a gram of hemoglobin.
With respect to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, be able to explain what is meant by the phrase shift in the P50.
Be able to illustrate the effect of temperature on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.
Be able to describe what the Bohr Effect is.
Be able to illustrate the Bohr Effect using the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.
Be able to illustrate the effect of changes in 2,3-DPG concentration on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.
Know the two quantities that give the oxygen delivery when multiplied together.
Be able to calculate the oxygen consumption given blood flow rate and arterial-venous oxygen concentration difference.
Be able to explain why arterial saturation is not a direct indication of adequate oxygen delivery.
Know what is meant by the term extraction ratio.
Know what is meant by the phrase ventilation perfusion ratio (often abbreviated V/Q).
Be able to explain what is meant by the phrase wasted ventilation.
Be able to recognize situations in which ventilation is wasted.
Be able to explain what is meant by the phrase wasted perfusion.
Be able to recognize situations in which perfusion is wasted.
Be able to describe how V/Q normally varies from the top to the bottom of the lungs.
Be able to explain in what way exercise typically changes the variation in V/Q between the top and bottom of the lung.
Be able to explain in what way smoking typically changes the variation in V/Q between the top and bottom of the lung.
Be able to explain how local ventilation rates can adjust to changes in local perfusion rates.
Be able to explain how local perfusion rates can adjust to changes in local ventilation rates.
Be able to contrast the response of the systemic and pulmonary blood vessels to changes in the local PO2.
With respect to the circulation, explain what is meant by the term shunt.
Know weather or not some pulmonary shunt (1 or 2 %) indicates a pathological state.