Be able to explain what enzymes are and why they are important in biology.
Be able to name any 2 factors that influence (change) enzyme activity.
Be able to explain what functional groups are in organic chemistry and know the chemical structure and typical behaviors of the following groups: alcohol (hydroxyl), aldehyde (carbonyl), ketone (carbonyl), carboxylic acid (carboxyl), amino, phosphate and thiol (sulfhydryl).
Be able to explain the importance of condensation (dehydration synthesis) and hydrolysis reactions in biochemistry.
Be able to identify the following classes of biological compounds given their molecular structure or a description of their chemical behavior: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
Be able to explain the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides and name an example of each.
Be able to explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
Know how fatty acids and glycerol are related to triglycerides.
Be able to name a class of lipids that are not triglycerides.
Know how amino acids are organized into peptides and proteins.
Be able to describe the nature of the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins.
Be able to explain the fundamental structure of DNA (a double helix of sugar-phosphate backbones with paired nitrogenous bases).
Be able to explain the difference in chemical structure and biological function of DNA and RNA.
Be able to explain the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cellular processes.
Be able to describe the three major parts of every eukaryotic cell.
Know the typical diameters of human cells.
Know the typical functions of the following organelles: endoplasimc reticulum (ER), Golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria.
Know the fundamental structure and function of ribosomes, secretory vesicles and the cytoskeleton.
Be able to explain the purposes and processes of exocytosis and endocytosis.
Be able to describe the ways in which cells obtain energy from glucose.
Be able to describe what emergent properties (or behaviors) are and how they arise.
Be able to describe any 4 of the 8 basic cellular needs discussed in lecture.
Be able to describe the 4 levels of organization typically recognized in multicellular organisms.
Be able to list the topics (organ systems) I plan to cover in this course.
Be able to describe at least one cost and one benefit of cellular specialization.
Be able to define homeostasis.
Be able to explain why control is important to multicellular organisms.
Be able to explain (probably using a diagram) negative feedback control systems.
Be able to explain what is meant by the term closed loop as it applies to control systems.
Be able to name and describe 2 alternatives to negative feedback control.
Be able to explain the typical consequences of positive feedback.
Be able to speculate on the source of the complexity typically found in physiological control systems.
Be able to describe (in very general terms) how water is typically transported among compartments in the human body.
Be able to explain the mechanistic difference between diffusion and permeation.
Be able to name and describe three types of permeation across cell membranes (your book may use the term diffusion for these processes).
Be able to explain (in very general terms) a benefit of secreting inactive pro-enzymes and hormones.
Be able to explain the purpose and mechanism of operation of enzyme cascades.
Be able to give an example of each of the following in the human body: negative feedback control, feed forward control, open loop control, positive feedback, a pro-enzyme or hormone and an enzyme cascade.